Yes, if the edible portion has come in contact with flood waters the produce must be discarded due to the high risk of contamination from chemicals and microbial pathogens in flood water.

No. The FDA is clear that any edible portion of a crop that comes in contact with flood water may not be sold, even if you leave it in the ground afterwards for a long time. There is evidence that potatoes can uptake pathogens through their lenticels and carrots can take them up through their crowns.

No, this is a high risk. As they grow, the leaves will be in contact with flooded soil as this crop grows and thus could get contaminated with soil-borne chemical and/or microbial contaminants such as E. coli, Salmonella, etc. from wastes that were in flood water. Once attached, washing even with disinfectants cannot remove the pathogens.

No. Although peeling and cooking will greatly reduce the microbial load, and will reduce some of the surface chemical contamination, any flooded produce - regardless of how it is processed - is still considered adulterated by the FDA and not allowed for sale. Unfortunately, because of the uncertainty as to the type and extent of microbial and chemical contaminants, further processing does not necessarily provide an assurance of safety. If there is contamination on the outside peel of the product, it would be hard to prevent some cross- contamination occurring with the flesh during the peeling process.

Yes. Pooled water from rainwater alone is not considered to be flood water and the produce should be OK for sale. However, if there is evidence of contamination due to significant runoff from an adjacent area where livestock, manure, or compost are kept, then the produce may be contaminated if it was in contact with the contaminated water and should not be sold for human consumption.

No. Neither post-harvest cleansing of flooded crops, nor testing of flooded produce is accepted by FDA as a means of ensuring the safety of flooded produce for human consumption. This is partially because the produce could also be contaminated with unknown chemicals that are more difficult to test for, and partly because the microbial contaminants may not be evenly distributed throughout the field.

No. Produce buyers must follow the law, too. Further, E. coli is not the only contaminant of concern in flooded produce. Testing for microbial pathogens in this situation cannot ensure the safety of the produce, as there are too many pathogens that can cause food borne illness to test for feasibly. Pathogens are often deposited unevenly on fields in flood situations, and it is not possible to take enough of these tests to have any reasonable certainty that all the food is safe for sale.

No. Upstream farms, sewage treatment plants, industrial plants, hazardous waste sites, etc. means that floodwaters almost always will contain contaminants which can stay on the produce and this can harm livestock health if consumed. The FDA is also concerned about residues from some contaminants being transferred to animal products for human consumption (meat, milk and eggs).

Crops that have been exposed to flooded soils are deemed adulterated by the FDA. Even though these crops will not be harvested for quite a while, that is the law. We do not know whether, or to what extent, these crops may take up pathogens or chemical contaminants. If they are internalized by crop tissues then waiting until the next season and allowing a winter to pass before harvesting will not avoid contamination of the crop.

Biological contaminants (those that are carbon-based) will break down over time in the soil, and it is difficult to conduct meaningful tests for these due to their variety and spatial distribution. Heavy metals, however, will not break down over time, and can be tested far more easily using traditional soil sampling methods. You can contact the Midwest Labs in Omaha (402) 334-7770, the American Ag lab in McCook (308) 345-3670, Platte Valley lab in Gibbon 308-469-5975, the Servi Tech lab in Hastings 402-463-3522, or the Ward lab in Kearney 308-234-2418.

Large debris in your fields should be removed, but the silt deposited by flood water and smaller debris do not need to be removed. Soils should be allowed to dry sufficiently and then tilled to at least six inches deep before planting crops. Adding compost or other organic matter when tilling will be beneficial to the soil's biological activity, which can promote decomposition of some contaminants. To protect the soil from erosion after tilling, it is advisable to plant a cover crop, which will also stimulate biological activity. In the fall, consider planting small grains such as oats or winter rye with or without hairy vetch for adding nitrogen.

If your wellhead was submerged under flood water, your well water should be retested to ensure that it is potable. Only potable water should be used to wash produce after harvest. For well water quality questions, contact the Water Well Standards and Contractors’ Licensing Program as listed: 402-471-4982

Workers should wear protective clothing such as rubber boots, rubber gloves and an N-95 respirator mask when working in fields that were flooded. Mark the highest locations that flood waters reached using flags, etc. FDA recommends leaving a 30 foot buffer between flooded areas of fields and areas with crops to be harvested for human consumption; this is to accommodate a generous turn-around distance for equipment to prevent crop contact with flooded soil to avoid cross-contamination. Try to minimize dust and tracking dirt and sediment from flooded areas into non-flooded areas (such as packing sheds) as much as possible to reduce the chances of cross-contamination.

You will need to discuss this with your organic certifier. The organic regulations require that "prohibited substances" cannot be applied to land for at least three years prior to harvesting an organic crop. Floodwaters could contain many potential contaminants that would be considered "prohibited substances". Fortunately, the volume of water during flooding events often dilutes the contaminants. In most cases, low levels of contaminants would be considered unavoidable residual environmental contaminants and would not affect the certification of the land. However, there are instances where prohibited residues would be of greater concern and farmers should contact their organic certifier to discuss next steps. If your farm is directly downstream from a source of concentrated prohibited substances, for example, a sewage treatment facility, or if there is evidence of contamination, for example an oily residue on your fields or an empty propane tank, the organic certifier may decide to test for likely contaminants and continued certification of the affected field will be based on the outcome of the tests and on-site inspection. Note that if your wellhead was submerged, your water should be retested to ensure that it is potable. Only potable water should be used to wash organic produce. You will need to provide your organic certifier with a copy of your completed water test.

This may be possible for some crops. If soils were flooded, edible portions will be developing in the window where pathogens might still be present (some can persist in the soil or on plants for months) and the risk of cross-contamination occurring during harvesting or handling is still there. The risks of food borne illness are greatest with any crops that might be eaten raw. With potatoes and winter squashes: if the edible part had not formed but there is reason to suspect the soil is contaminated and the edible portion of the crop will eventually come in contact with the soil once it appears, then the FDA is clear that the product should not be harvested and consumed. However, these crops, because they are cooked by consumers, have less risk than other types of crops that will be allowed to develop after a flood. Questions to consider when evaluating the crop can include: upstream sources of potential contamination, the time it took flood waters to recede, time it took the field to dry out, and the time until harvest. In general, the longer that the crop has been exposed to the sun and drying conditions, the better.

Fruiting plants that were in contact with flood waters but had no fruit on them at the time (tomatoes, beans, peas, peppers, etc.) or other plants with edible portions that had not yet formed at the time of flooding (broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts etc.), may be allowed to form the edible part and then harvested after you have considered the above questions. However, do not sell these crops if the heads had started to form prior to the flood and were exposed to flood water as contaminants can get trapped within the folds of the heads and persist.

Kale and similar crops that can regrow new edible portions after flooding may be harvested if all leaves that might have come in contact with the flood waters are removed and then new growth that is harvested is triple washed and rinsed with a disinfectant (see below for information on how to disinfect produce). Keep in mind however, that sanitizer in the wash water will not remove the contaminants once they have attached to the produce.

All crops harvested as described above should be triple washed using a disinfectant prior to sale, even if you do not normally wash them.

Only if you are sure that the parsley has not come in contact with flooded soil. In other words, the plastic must not have flooded soil or sediment remaining on top of it, and the holes in the plastic must be small enough to prevent soil splashing up during rain, etc. Parsley, cilantro and other herbs grow low to the ground and have a lot of leaf surface area to which soil can cling. If you have any doubt about soil getting onto the parsley leaves, then the crop should not be sold, especially since it is often eaten raw. Cilantro, which has a similar growth form to parsley, has tested positive in the past for pathogenic E. coli on tests conducted by the UDSA-AMS Microbiological Data Program.

It depends. Above ground crops that did not contact the water can be sold. Water permeates the soil in a fan shape and could move from the wheel tracks into some parts of the raised beds, potentially contacting the potatoes. If any edible portion of root crops or crops that lie on the surface (e.g. melons) came in contact with contaminated flood water or soil that could be contaminated, that would prohibit their sale

It is up to the farmer to decide when the risk is low enough to replant. The following can help reduce risk when replanting: allow the soil to dry out, till thoroughly, and allow some time for the population of microbial pathogens to decline before planting the next human food crop. The longer you can wait, the better, and it is not advisable to plant without a waiting period. Keep in mind that the USDA GAPs food safety practices as well as the organic standards require waiting several months after the application of raw manure, and if your fields were exposed to raw manure or feces in flood waters then that can be considered a similar situation. A minimum of several weeks waiting before planting is a good idea given that some research studies have found that pathogens in soil may decline significantly during this time. But again, if a high level of biological or chemical contaminants is suspected, as with extreme flooding conditions that breached many septic systems, it is prudent to wait longer to allow time for the carbon-based contaminants to be decomposed. Current industry guidance recommends 60 days, with shorter times possible based on the growers assessment of their field and flood conditions. Mixing in well-made compost will help stimulate biological activity and decomposition. Where you can, it will further reduce risk to sow a cover crop such as oats or winter rye and wait to plant human food crops until the following season.

Avoid planting any leafy greens, carrots, and other crops that might be eaten raw, directly into flooded soils. These crops pose a relatively high risk, as described above. If you have greenhouses or high tunnels that you normally use for growing such crops, an alternative would be to build raised beds at least 6 inches high and fill them with soil and compost that has not been flooded. With garlic and root crops for next year's harvest it is still a good idea to wait as long as possible to plant these crops, allowing microbial pathogen populations to decline, since there is some evidence that crops can internalize pathogens from the soil. While microbial pathogens will decline over time, keep in mind that chemical contaminants may persist.

It is not advisable, as wooden bins have porous surfaces that can retain soil and harbor microbes; this creates concern about cross-contamination from contact between clean produce and contaminants that may be on the surface of the bins. However, to greatly reduce risk, you can insert a clean poly bin liner after power washing the wooden surfaces and sanitizing with a 150 ppm chlorine solution. Bin liners are available from several companies that sell harvest supplies.